The difference between computer science and software engineering
Got a passion for technology? Computer science and software engineering are two of the most in-demand jobs, not only in the tech sector, but across practically every industry.
For recent graduates and those considering a career change into tech, it’s important to note the distinctions between these two roles in order to make informed decisions about your career path.
By understanding exactly how these two fields differ, you can better line up your education and career choices with your personal interests and long-term professional goals. In this article, we cover what computer science and software engineering roles entail, their main differences, and the qualifications needed for both.
What is computer science?
Computer science focuses on the study of algorithms, data and the overall functioning of computers. It’s an IT field that explores how information is processed, stored and shared.
Within computer science, there are many different career paths. You may choose to go into the research side or you might specialise in artificial intelligence, developing computer models that can learn and adapt. You could focus on cybersecurity and protecting information from malicious attacks, ensuring data is kept safe.
What is software engineering?
Software engineering focuses on the design, development and maintenance of software applications. Students can develop plenty of practical skills, including coding, bug fixing, content design, and project management, and learn a range of different software development methodologies .
Software engineers often work in teams, bringing together different perspectives to solve complex problems. Good communication and teamwork are important, as engineers must coordinate with colleagues, stakeholders and clients to deliver projects.
Differences between software engineering and computer science
While both computer science and software engineering fall under the 'tech' umbrella, they are very different careers.
Computer science goes into the ‘why’ and ‘how’ of computer processes, with the aim of advancing the boundaries of what technology can achieve.
On the other hand, software engineering focuses on creating and maintaining software systems. It takes the theory of computer science and applies it to designing, developing and maintaining practical software solutions.
Criteria | Computer science | Software engineering |
Primary objectives | Study of algorithms, data structures and theoretical principles of computing | Design, develop and maintain software applications |
Key responsibilities | Research, data analysis, theoretical problem solving | Coding, project management, application development |
Skill set | Analytical thinking, mathematical proficiency, research skills | Coding expertise, project management, teamwork |
Career paths | Research, artificial intelligence, cybersecurity | Software development, systems engineering, QA/testing |
Salary trends | High starting salaries, the potential for growth in specialised fields | Competitive salaries with significant growth opportunities based on experience and skills |
Differences in curriculum
The curricula for computer science and software engineering degrees reflect the focus of each field, providing students with the specific knowledge and skills needed for their careers.
Computer science: focus on algorithms, data structures, programming languages, theory of computation, software design principles and mathematics.
Software engineering: focus on software development, project management, database management, software testing, user-interface design, and specific programming languages used in the industry.
Differences in degree and certifications
The educational paths for computer science and software engineering vary, with a number of different ways to enter these fields.
Computer science:
Bachelor’s degree: typically requires a degree in computer science or a related field like Information Technology (IT).
Certifications: additional certifications can build knowledge in specialised areas like cybersecurity or data science.
Software engineering:
Bachelor’s degree: a degree in software engineering or a computer science degree with a specialisation in software engineering.
Bootcamps and certifications: intensive training programs and certifications offer a way into the field that doesn’t require a university degree, focusing on practical skills.
Potential job opportunities
Computer science
Research scientist: conducting advanced studies in computing
Software developer: specialising in various areas such as web, mobile, or systems development
Data scientist: analysing and interpreting complex data
Security analyst: protecting systems and networks from cyber threats
User interface designer: designing intuitive user interfaces
Database administrator: managing and organising data
Software engineering:
Software developer: creating and maintaining software
Applications developer: focusing on software applications for users
Systems engineer: designing and managing complex systems
Test engineer: ensuring software quality through rigorous testing
Quality assurance engineer: overseeing the entire software development process to maintain quality standards
DevOps engineer: bridging the gap between development and operations to improve software deployment
Job scopes and responsibilities
A computer scientist is usually involved in the research side of things, looking into developing new algorithms or theories. This might also involve creating new computing systems from scratch, analysing data sets to gain insights to help with this.
A software engineer spends their days working through the software development lifecycle, which involves designing, building, testing, deploying and maintaining software. This is often achieved by working in teams to develop software solutions, with their objectives set out by a project manager or a team lead. A more senior software developer might also project manage jobs.
Career progression
Career paths within computer science and software engineering offer opportunities for growth.
Computer scientist
Research scientist: leading innovative research projects
Lead software developer: overseeing software development teams
Professor: teaching and conducting research in academia
Technical architect: designing complex systems and architectures
Chief technology officer (CTO): leading the technology strategy of an organisation
Software engineer
Senior software developer: leading development projects and mentoring junior engineers
Software development manager: managing development teams and projects
Solutions architect: designing technical solutions to meet business needs
Engineering team lead: leading engineering teams to deliver projects
Chief information officer (CIO): overseeing the information technology strategy and implementation in an organisation
Differences in salary
Salaries for computer science and software engineering roles can vary based on experience, location and specific job titles.
Computer science
Entry level: from $80,000 to $100,000 per year
Mid level: from $120,000 to $150,000+ per year
Software engineering
Entry level: from $80,000 to $100,000 per year
Mid level: from $100,000 to $130,000+ per year
As professionals gain experience, the salary ranges for senior positions in both fields may overlap or equalise, depending on demand. Roles at large companies or organisations will offer higher salaries and more comprehensive remuneration packages.
Both computer science and software engineering are essential roles that offer career paths beyond the tech sector. Computer science provides a broad theoretical foundation, focusing on algorithms, data structures and the principles of computing. On the other hand, software engineering emphasises the practical aspects of designing, developing and maintaining software. By understanding the differences between these fields you can make informed decisions about your education and career path.
Learn more about career pathways with our Career Advice articles.
FAQs
Is computer science or software engineering more maths-heavy?
Computer science is generally more maths-heavy than software engineering. It often includes mathematics, algorithms and the theory of computation, which requires a strong grasp of mathematical concepts. Software engineering focuses more on practical application, coding and project management.
Do I need to be good at writing code for both computer science and software engineering?
Yes, you need to be good at writing code for both computer science and software engineering.
In computer science, coding is essential for implementing algorithms and solving complex problems.
In software engineering, coding skills are crucial for designing, developing and maintaining software applications.
Which earns more computer science or software engineering?
Salaries for computer science and software engineering roles are comparable but vary depending on seniority, company, specialisation and location. Entry-level positions in both fields typically range from $80,000 to $100,000 per year, with mid-level individual contributor roles ranging from $100,000 to $150,000.
Are there any creative aspects to computer science or software engineering careers?
Yes, both fields offer opportunities to think abstractly, though they may not be creative in the traditional sense. In computer science, there’s the opportunity to design innovative algorithms and solve theoretical problems. In software engineering, creativity is an essential part of designing user-friendly interfaces, developing unique software solutions, and finding different ways to address user needs.
Which field offers more opportunities to work remotely?
Both computer science and software engineering offer plenty of opportunities to work remotely, particularly in software development, systems engineering and data analysis.
Is a computer science degree required to become a software engineer?
No, a computer science degree is not strictly required to become a software engineer. Many software engineers hold degrees but it’s also possible to learn through gaining a certificate or through on-the-job training.
What are the pros and cons of boot camps compared to traditional degrees for software engineering?
Boot camps are often shorter than certificates, typically lasting a few months, and focus intensively on practical skills. However, they often lack the depth of theoretical knowledge provided by traditional degrees and offer fewer networking opportunities. On the other hand, traditional degrees in software engineering or related fields offer a well-rounded education, blending both theory and practice over a longer period – usually three to four years. These programs provide extensive networking opportunities and are widely recognised by a broader range of employers.
Do I need to choose between computer science and software engineering or can I switch between them?
You do not need to make a definitive choice between computer science and software engineering. Many professionals switch between the two fields or work in roles that overlap both areas. The skills are often transferable, allowing for flexibility in career paths.
What are some of the biggest challenges faced by computer scientists and software engineers?
There are a few challenges faced by both software engineers and computer scientists, including:
Computer scientists:
Keeping up with rapidly evolving technology
Solving complex theoretical problems
Balancing research and practical applications
Software engineers:
Managing project timelines and deliverables
Ensuring software quality and performance
Collaborating within teams
Can I be a software engineer with a computer science degree?
Yes, you can be a software engineer with a computer science degree. The theoretical and practical skills gained in a computer science program can be applied to software engineering roles, making it a common career path for computer science graduates.
